Generally, riser pipes and line pipes are subject to high pressures and corrosion environments. For projects in water depths of more than 1,000 meters, special metallurgically clad pipes with very tight tolerances are commonly used.
Oil and gas end use markets include both oil and gas production and petroleum refining. Oil and gas production covers a broad scope of operations related to recovering oil and/or gas for subsequent processing in refineries. Clad metal is used in risers, line pipes, separators, glycol contactors, heat exchangers and other 
related equipment. The increase in oil and gas production from deep, hot, and corrosive fields has significantly increased the demand for clad equipment. Many non-traditional energy production methods are potentially commercially viable for bringing natural gas to the market. Clad is commonly used in these facilities. The primary clad metals for this market are stainless steel and nickel alloys clad to steel, with some use of reactive metals. Petroleum refining processes frequently are corrosive, hot, and operate at high pressures. Clad metal is extensively used in a broad range of equipment including desulfurization hydrotreaters, coke drums, distillation columns, separators and heat exchangers. In the United States, refineries are running near their full capacity, and adding capacity and reducing costly down-time are a high priority. The increasing reliance upon low quality, high sulfur crude further drives additional demand for new corrosion resistant equipment. Worldwide trends in regulatory control of sulfur emissions in gas, diesel and jet fuel are also increasing the need for clad equipment. Like the upstream oil and gas sector, the clad metals are primarily stainless steel and nickel alloys.
Oil & Gas Applications:
- Pipelines
- Deep Sea
- - Risers
- - Choke and Kill lines
- - Flow lines
- - Injection lines
- - Gathering lines
- - Distribution lines
- - Transportation lines
- - Structural pipes for rigs and platforms
- - Hull pipes
- - Downhole tools
- - Ball bounce
- - Hydraulic cylinder rods
- - Drillbits
- - Mandrels
- - Tensioner rods
- - Pipes and fittings
- - Valves and Specialty products
- - Joints
- Glycol Contactors
- Absorbers
- High pressure separators
- Hydrocracking reactors
- HDS reactors
- Heat Exchangers
- Heavy Wall Vessels
- Flue gas desulfurization units
- Stacks
- Chimneys
- Flue gas channels